Life without Labor? It’s Natural
How to Cite
Shipilov A.V. Life without Labor? It’s Natural. Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal = Sociological Journal. 2019. Vol. 25. No. 2. P. 153-170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2019.25.2.6391 (in Russ.).
Abstract
As a result of the development of automation and robotization in the economy of developed countries, the need for labor is reduced, which entails a decline in employment. Given the preservation of existing trends, the labor society is transformed into a rent society, with leisure being the main occupation of the majority of its members. In this regard, concerns are voiced about the loss of habitual meaning of life and, as a consequence, the degradation of the individual and society. The author puts forward a thesis that social activity is more natural (that is, biologically conditioned) for a human being than labor. In support of this fact factual evidence is given, which indicates that for most of their history people have practiced an appropriating economy, which allowed for achieving maximum production with minimal labor. Thus, members of pre-agricultural and extra-agricultural communities could devote most of their time to rest, communication and a variety of group rituals. It is possible that in the emerging post-labor society there will be a similar situation, and the close future might turn out to be similar to the distant past.
Keywords:
automation, introduction of robots, labor, leisure, appropriating economy, producing economy, social interaction
References
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Artemova O.Yu. Koleno Isava: Okhotniki, sobirateli, rybolovy (opyt izucheniya al’ternativnykh sotsial’nykh sistem). [The generation of Esau: Hunters, gatherers, fishermen (experience of studying alternative social systems).] Moscow: Smysl publ., 2009. 560 p. (In Russ.)
Bard A., Zoderkvist Ja. Netocracy: The New Power Elite and Life after Capitalism. [Russ. ed.: Netokratiya. Novaya pravyashchaya elita i zhizn’ posle kapitalizma. Transl. from Swedish. St Petersburg: Stokgol’mskaya shkola ekonomiki v Sankt-Peterburge, 2004. 252 p.]
Bauman Z. Liquid Modernity. [Russ. ed.: Tekuchaya sovremennost’. Transl. from Eng. St Petersburg: Piter publ., 2008. 240 p.]
Bosi R. The Lapps. [Russ. ed.: Laplandtsy. Okhotniki za severnymi olenyami. Transl. from Eng. by S.P. Evtushenko. Moscow: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf publ., 2004. 175 p.]
Buzhilova A.P. Homo sapiens: Istoriya bolezni. [Homo sapiens: A case report.] Moscow: Yazyki slavyanskoi kul’tury publ., 2005. 320 p. (In Russ.)
Giddens A. Turbulent and Mighty Continent. What Future for Europe? [Russ. ed.: Nespokoinyi i mogushchestvennyi kontinent: chto zhdet Evropu v budushchem? Transl. from Eng. Moscow: Izdatel’skii dom “Delo” RANKhiGS publ., 2015. 240 p.]
Davydov D.A. Change of socio-economic formation? Svobodnaya mysl’. 2016. No. 4. P. 19–30. (In Russ.)
Davydov D.A. Technology alienation and the specter of communism. Chelovek. 2017. No. 5. P. 75–85. (In Russ.)
Diamond J. Gans, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. [Russ. ed.: Ruzh’ya, mikroby i stal’: Istoriya chelovecheskikh soobshchestv. Transl. from Eng by M. Kolopotin. Moscow: AST publ., 2009. 604 p.]
De Vaal F. Chimpanzee Politics. Power and Sex among Apes. [Russ. ed.: Politika u shimpanze: Vlast’ i seks u primatov. Transl. from Eng by D. Kralechkin. Moscow: Izd. dom Vysshei shkoly ekonomiki publ., 2014. 272 p.]
Johnson A.W., Earle T. The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State. Ekonomicheskaya sotsiologiya. 2016. Vol. 17. No. 5. P. 30–76. (In Russ.)
Zhvitiashvili A.Sh. Working class in a post-industrial society. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2013. No. 2. P. 34–41. (In Russ.)
Zarya chelovechestva. [Dawn of Mankind]. Transl. from Eng by V. Fedyanin. Moscow: TERRA — Knizhnyi klub publ., 1998. 176 p. (In Russ.)
Edey M. The Missing Link [Russ. ed.: Nedostayushchee zveno. Vozniknovenie cheloveka. Transl. from Eng by I. Gurova; Ed. by Yu.G. Rychkov. Moscow: Mir publ., 1977. 160 p.] (In Russ.)
Kabo V.R. Pervobytnaya dozemledel’cheskaya obshchina. [Primitive pre-farming community]. Moscow: Nauka publ., 1986. 304 p. (In Russ.)
Castells M. Informatsionnaya epokha: ekonomika, obshchestvo i kul’tura. [The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture.] Transl. from Eng.; Ed. by O.I. Shkaratan. Moscow: Izd. dom Vysshei shkoly ekonomiki publ., 2000. 608 p. (In Russ.)
Kozintsev A.G. The transition to agriculture and human ecology. Rannie zemledel’tsy. [Early farmers.] Leningrad: Nauka publ., 1980. P. 6–33. (In Russ.)
Kozlovskaya M.V. The feeding system of the Upper Paleolithic Societies: biological and social adaptation. HOMO SUNGIRENSIS. Verkhnepaleoliticheskii chelovek: ekologicheskie i evolyutsionnye aspekty issledovaniya. [HOMO SUNGIRENSIS. Upper Paleolithic man: ecological and evolutionary aspects of the study.] Ed. by T.I. Alekseeva, N.O. Bader. Moscow: Nauchnyi mir publ., 2000. 468 p. (In Russ.)
Korotaev A.V. Some economic prerequisites for class formation and political genesis. Arkhaicheskoe obshchestvo: uzlovye problemy sotsiologii razvitiya. [Archaic society: key problems of the sociology of development.] Ed. by A.V. Korotaev, V.V. Chubarov. Moscow: Institut istorii SSSR AN SSSR publ., 1991. Vol. 1. P. 136–191. (In Russ.)
Krzhivitskii L. Khozyaistvennyi i obshchestvennyi stroi pervobytnykh narodov. [The economic and social system of primitive peoples]. Moscow-Leningrad: GIZ publ., 1925. 228 p. (In Russ.)
Kutyrev V.A. We’ll give the labor to the machines ... What will happen to the man? Chelovek. 2017. No. 5. P. 68–74. (In Russ.)
Levi-Strauss C. L’anthropologie face aux problèmes du monde modern = Recognize others. Anthropology and problems of modernity. [Russ. ed.: Uznavat’ drugikh. Antropologiya i problemy sovremennosti. Transl. from French by E. Chebucheva. Moscow: Tekst publ., 2016. 158 p.]
McLuhan H.M. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. [Russ. ed.: Ponimanie Media: Vneshnie rasshireniya cheloveka. Transl. from Eng. by V.G. Nikolaev. Moscow: Giperboreya publ., Kuchkovo pole publ., 2007. 464 p.]
Martynov K.K. End of work. Accessed 30.08.2018. URL:. (In Russ.)
Mart’yanov V.S. Our rental future: the global outlines of society without labor? Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2017. No. 5. P. 141–153. (In Russ.)
Matyushin G.N. U istokov chelovechestva. [At the origins of mankind]. Moscow: Mysl’ publ., 1982. 144 p. (In Russ.)
Mezolit SSSR. [Mesolith USSR]. Ed. by B.A. Rybakov. Moscow: Nauka publ., 1989. 353 p. (In Russ.)
Mason P. Post Capitalism. A Guide to Our Future. [Russ. ed.: Postkapitalizm: putevoditel’ po nashemu budushchemu. Transl. from Eng. by A. Dunaev. Moscow: Ad Marginem Press publ., 2016. 416 p.]
Milov L.V. Velikorusskii pakhar’ i osobennosti rossiiskogo istoricheskogo protsessa. [Russian plowman and features of the Russian historical process]. Moscow: ROSSPEN publ., 1998. 573 p. (In Russ.)
Morris I. Foragers, Farmers, and Fossil Fuels. How Human Values Evolve [Russ. ed.: Sobirateli, zemledel’tsy i iskopaemoe toplivo. Kak izmenyayutsya chelovecheskie tsennosti. Ed. And pref. by S. Mesido; Comment. by R. Siford, Dzh.D. Spens, K.M. Korsgaard, M. Etvud; Transl. from Eng. by N. Edel’man. Moscow: Izd-vo Instituta Gaidara publ., 2017. 488 p.]
Nikiforova O.A., Taranova O.A., Karapetyan R.V. International scientific conference “Labor and society in the realities of the XXI century”. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2017. No. 9. P. 145–149. (In Russ.)
Paleolit SSSR. [Paleolith USSR]. Ed. by B.A. Rybakov. Moscow: Nauka publ., 1984. 384 p. (In Russ.)
Petrov V.P. Podsechnoe zemledelie. [Sut down agriculture]. Kiev: Naukova dumka publ., 1968. 228 p. (In Russ.)
Ponukalina O.V. Work and leisure in the discourse of consumer practices. Zhurnal sotsiologii i sotsial’noi antropologii. 2011 No. 14 (5). P. 210–218. (In Russ.)
Prideaux T. Cro-Magnon Man. [Russ. ed.: Kroman’onskii chelovek. Transl. from Eng. by I. Gurova; Ed. and Pref. by Yu.G. Rychkov. Moscow: Mir publ., 1979. 158 p.]
Ridley M. The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of Cooperation. [Russ. ed.: Proiskhozhdenie al’truizma i dobrodeteli: ot instinktov k sotrudnichestvu. Transl. from Eng. Moscow: Eksmo publ., 2013. 336 p.]
Rifkin J. The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power Is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World [Russ. ed.: Tret’ya promyshlennaya revolyutsiya: Kak gorizontal’nye vzaimodeistviya menyayut energetiku, ekonomiku i mir v tselom. Transl. from Eng. Moscow: Al’pina non-fikshn publ., 2014. 410 p.]
Sahlins M. Stone Age Economics [Russ. ed.: Ekonomika kamennogo veka. Ed. by O.Yu. Artemova; Pref. by A.V. Korotaev. Moscow: OGI publ., 1999. 296 p.]
Semenov Yu.I. Na zare chelovecheskoi istorii. [At the dawn of human history]. Moscow: Mysl’ publ., 1989. 318 p. (In Russ.)
Sidorina T.Yu. Tsivilizatsiya truda: zametki sotsial’nogo teoretika. [Civilization of labor: Notes of the social theorist]. St Petersburg: Aleteiya publ., 2014. 400 p. (In Russ.)
Strumilin S.G. Byudzhet vremeni russkogo krest’yanina. [The time budget of the Russian peasant.] Accessed 30.08.2018. URL:. (In Russ.)
Standing G. The Precariat. The New Dangerous Class. [Russ. ed.: Prekariat: novyi opasnyi klass. Transl. from Eng. by N. Usova. Moscow: Ad Marginem Press publ., 2014. 328 p.]
Terner V. Simvol i ritual. [Symbol and ritual]. Transl. from Eng.; Select. And Pref. by V.A. Beilis. Moscow: Nauka publ., 1983. 277 p. (In Russ.)
Urry J. Mobility and Proximity. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2013. No. 2. P. 3–14. (In Russ.)
Wade N. Before the Dawn: Recovering the lost history of our ancestors. [Russ. ed.: Na zare chelovechestva: Neizvestnaya istoriya nashikh predkov. Transl. from Eng. Moscow: Al’pina nonfikshn publ., 2016. 408 p.]
Fainberg L.A. Okhotniki Amerikanskogo Severa (indeitsy i eskimosy). [Hunters of the American North (Indians and Eskimos)]. Moscow: Nauka publ., 1991. 184 p. (In Russ.)
Ford M. Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future. [Russ. ed.: Roboty nastupayut: Razvitie tekhnologii i budushchee bez raboty. Transl. from Eng. by S. Chernin. Moscow: Al’pina non-fikshn publ., 2016. 430 p.]
Kharari Yu.N. “Bol’shinstvo lyudei voobshche ne osoznayut, chto proiskhodit i chto na konu”. [“Most people generally do not realize what is happening and what’s at stake”.] Accessed 30.08.2018. URL:. (In Russ.)
Harari Y.N. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind [Russ. ed.: Sapiens. Kratkaya istoriya chelovechestva. Transl. from Eng. Moscow: Sindbad publ., 2016. 520 p.]
Chernykh P.Ya. Istoriko-etimologicheskii slovar’ sovremennogo russkogo yazyka. V 2-kh t. Vol. 2. [Historical and etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language. In two vols. Vol. 2.]. Moscow: Russkii yazyk publ., 1999. 560 p. (In Russ.)
Schwab K. The Fourth Industrial Revolution [Russ. ed.: Chetvertaya promyshlennaya revolyutsiya. Transl. from Eng. Moscow: Eksmo publ., 2016. 208 p.]
Shipilov A.V. Traditsionnaya proizvodstvennaya kul’tura Rossii: sel’skoe khozyaistvo i prisvaivayushchie promysly. [Traditional Russian Production Culture: Agriculture and Appropriating Affairs]. Voronezh: VGPU publ., 2006. 311 p. (In Russ.)
Shul’man E.M. Sovremennaya molodezh’ — samoe pravil’noe iz vsekh pokolenii, kakie tol’ko mozhno sebe predstavit’. [Modern youth is the most correct of all the generations that one can imagine.] Accessed 30.08.2018. URL:
Eneolit SSSR. [Eneolith USSR.] Ed. by B.A. Rybakov. Moscow: Nauka publ., 1982. 359 p. (In Russ.)
Epokha bronzy lesnoi polosy SSSR. [The Bronze Age of the Forest Band of the USSR]. Ed. by B.A. Rybakov. Moscow: Nauka publ., 1987. 471 p. (In Russ.)
Harari Y.N. The meaning of life in a world without work. Accessed 30.08.2018. URL:.
Artemova O.Yu. Koleno Isava: Okhotniki, sobirateli, rybolovy (opyt izucheniya al’ternativnykh sotsial’nykh sistem). [The generation of Esau: Hunters, gatherers, fishermen (experience of studying alternative social systems).] Moscow: Smysl publ., 2009. 560 p. (In Russ.)
Bard A., Zoderkvist Ja. Netocracy: The New Power Elite and Life after Capitalism. [Russ. ed.: Netokratiya. Novaya pravyashchaya elita i zhizn’ posle kapitalizma. Transl. from Swedish. St Petersburg: Stokgol’mskaya shkola ekonomiki v Sankt-Peterburge, 2004. 252 p.]
Bauman Z. Liquid Modernity. [Russ. ed.: Tekuchaya sovremennost’. Transl. from Eng. St Petersburg: Piter publ., 2008. 240 p.]
Bosi R. The Lapps. [Russ. ed.: Laplandtsy. Okhotniki za severnymi olenyami. Transl. from Eng. by S.P. Evtushenko. Moscow: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf publ., 2004. 175 p.]
Buzhilova A.P. Homo sapiens: Istoriya bolezni. [Homo sapiens: A case report.] Moscow: Yazyki slavyanskoi kul’tury publ., 2005. 320 p. (In Russ.)
Giddens A. Turbulent and Mighty Continent. What Future for Europe? [Russ. ed.: Nespokoinyi i mogushchestvennyi kontinent: chto zhdet Evropu v budushchem? Transl. from Eng. Moscow: Izdatel’skii dom “Delo” RANKhiGS publ., 2015. 240 p.]
Davydov D.A. Change of socio-economic formation? Svobodnaya mysl’. 2016. No. 4. P. 19–30. (In Russ.)
Davydov D.A. Technology alienation and the specter of communism. Chelovek. 2017. No. 5. P. 75–85. (In Russ.)
Diamond J. Gans, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. [Russ. ed.: Ruzh’ya, mikroby i stal’: Istoriya chelovecheskikh soobshchestv. Transl. from Eng by M. Kolopotin. Moscow: AST publ., 2009. 604 p.]
De Vaal F. Chimpanzee Politics. Power and Sex among Apes. [Russ. ed.: Politika u shimpanze: Vlast’ i seks u primatov. Transl. from Eng by D. Kralechkin. Moscow: Izd. dom Vysshei shkoly ekonomiki publ., 2014. 272 p.]
Johnson A.W., Earle T. The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State. Ekonomicheskaya sotsiologiya. 2016. Vol. 17. No. 5. P. 30–76. (In Russ.)
Zhvitiashvili A.Sh. Working class in a post-industrial society. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2013. No. 2. P. 34–41. (In Russ.)
Zarya chelovechestva. [Dawn of Mankind]. Transl. from Eng by V. Fedyanin. Moscow: TERRA — Knizhnyi klub publ., 1998. 176 p. (In Russ.)
Edey M. The Missing Link [Russ. ed.: Nedostayushchee zveno. Vozniknovenie cheloveka. Transl. from Eng by I. Gurova; Ed. by Yu.G. Rychkov. Moscow: Mir publ., 1977. 160 p.] (In Russ.)
Kabo V.R. Pervobytnaya dozemledel’cheskaya obshchina. [Primitive pre-farming community]. Moscow: Nauka publ., 1986. 304 p. (In Russ.)
Castells M. Informatsionnaya epokha: ekonomika, obshchestvo i kul’tura. [The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture.] Transl. from Eng.; Ed. by O.I. Shkaratan. Moscow: Izd. dom Vysshei shkoly ekonomiki publ., 2000. 608 p. (In Russ.)
Kozintsev A.G. The transition to agriculture and human ecology. Rannie zemledel’tsy. [Early farmers.] Leningrad: Nauka publ., 1980. P. 6–33. (In Russ.)
Kozlovskaya M.V. The feeding system of the Upper Paleolithic Societies: biological and social adaptation. HOMO SUNGIRENSIS. Verkhnepaleoliticheskii chelovek: ekologicheskie i evolyutsionnye aspekty issledovaniya. [HOMO SUNGIRENSIS. Upper Paleolithic man: ecological and evolutionary aspects of the study.] Ed. by T.I. Alekseeva, N.O. Bader. Moscow: Nauchnyi mir publ., 2000. 468 p. (In Russ.)
Korotaev A.V. Some economic prerequisites for class formation and political genesis. Arkhaicheskoe obshchestvo: uzlovye problemy sotsiologii razvitiya. [Archaic society: key problems of the sociology of development.] Ed. by A.V. Korotaev, V.V. Chubarov. Moscow: Institut istorii SSSR AN SSSR publ., 1991. Vol. 1. P. 136–191. (In Russ.)
Krzhivitskii L. Khozyaistvennyi i obshchestvennyi stroi pervobytnykh narodov. [The economic and social system of primitive peoples]. Moscow-Leningrad: GIZ publ., 1925. 228 p. (In Russ.)
Kutyrev V.A. We’ll give the labor to the machines ... What will happen to the man? Chelovek. 2017. No. 5. P. 68–74. (In Russ.)
Levi-Strauss C. L’anthropologie face aux problèmes du monde modern = Recognize others. Anthropology and problems of modernity. [Russ. ed.: Uznavat’ drugikh. Antropologiya i problemy sovremennosti. Transl. from French by E. Chebucheva. Moscow: Tekst publ., 2016. 158 p.]
McLuhan H.M. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. [Russ. ed.: Ponimanie Media: Vneshnie rasshireniya cheloveka. Transl. from Eng. by V.G. Nikolaev. Moscow: Giperboreya publ., Kuchkovo pole publ., 2007. 464 p.]
Martynov K.K. End of work. Accessed 30.08.2018. URL:
Mart’yanov V.S. Our rental future: the global outlines of society without labor? Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2017. No. 5. P. 141–153. (In Russ.)
Matyushin G.N. U istokov chelovechestva. [At the origins of mankind]. Moscow: Mysl’ publ., 1982. 144 p. (In Russ.)
Mezolit SSSR. [Mesolith USSR]. Ed. by B.A. Rybakov. Moscow: Nauka publ., 1989. 353 p. (In Russ.)
Mason P. Post Capitalism. A Guide to Our Future. [Russ. ed.: Postkapitalizm: putevoditel’ po nashemu budushchemu. Transl. from Eng. by A. Dunaev. Moscow: Ad Marginem Press publ., 2016. 416 p.]
Milov L.V. Velikorusskii pakhar’ i osobennosti rossiiskogo istoricheskogo protsessa. [Russian plowman and features of the Russian historical process]. Moscow: ROSSPEN publ., 1998. 573 p. (In Russ.)
Morris I. Foragers, Farmers, and Fossil Fuels. How Human Values Evolve [Russ. ed.: Sobirateli, zemledel’tsy i iskopaemoe toplivo. Kak izmenyayutsya chelovecheskie tsennosti. Ed. And pref. by S. Mesido; Comment. by R. Siford, Dzh.D. Spens, K.M. Korsgaard, M. Etvud; Transl. from Eng. by N. Edel’man. Moscow: Izd-vo Instituta Gaidara publ., 2017. 488 p.]
Nikiforova O.A., Taranova O.A., Karapetyan R.V. International scientific conference “Labor and society in the realities of the XXI century”. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2017. No. 9. P. 145–149. (In Russ.)
Paleolit SSSR. [Paleolith USSR]. Ed. by B.A. Rybakov. Moscow: Nauka publ., 1984. 384 p. (In Russ.)
Petrov V.P. Podsechnoe zemledelie. [Sut down agriculture]. Kiev: Naukova dumka publ., 1968. 228 p. (In Russ.)
Ponukalina O.V. Work and leisure in the discourse of consumer practices. Zhurnal sotsiologii i sotsial’noi antropologii. 2011 No. 14 (5). P. 210–218. (In Russ.)
Prideaux T. Cro-Magnon Man. [Russ. ed.: Kroman’onskii chelovek. Transl. from Eng. by I. Gurova; Ed. and Pref. by Yu.G. Rychkov. Moscow: Mir publ., 1979. 158 p.]
Ridley M. The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of Cooperation. [Russ. ed.: Proiskhozhdenie al’truizma i dobrodeteli: ot instinktov k sotrudnichestvu. Transl. from Eng. Moscow: Eksmo publ., 2013. 336 p.]
Rifkin J. The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power Is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World [Russ. ed.: Tret’ya promyshlennaya revolyutsiya: Kak gorizontal’nye vzaimodeistviya menyayut energetiku, ekonomiku i mir v tselom. Transl. from Eng. Moscow: Al’pina non-fikshn publ., 2014. 410 p.]
Sahlins M. Stone Age Economics [Russ. ed.: Ekonomika kamennogo veka. Ed. by O.Yu. Artemova; Pref. by A.V. Korotaev. Moscow: OGI publ., 1999. 296 p.]
Semenov Yu.I. Na zare chelovecheskoi istorii. [At the dawn of human history]. Moscow: Mysl’ publ., 1989. 318 p. (In Russ.)
Sidorina T.Yu. Tsivilizatsiya truda: zametki sotsial’nogo teoretika. [Civilization of labor: Notes of the social theorist]. St Petersburg: Aleteiya publ., 2014. 400 p. (In Russ.)
Strumilin S.G. Byudzhet vremeni russkogo krest’yanina. [The time budget of the Russian peasant.] Accessed 30.08.2018. URL:
Standing G. The Precariat. The New Dangerous Class. [Russ. ed.: Prekariat: novyi opasnyi klass. Transl. from Eng. by N. Usova. Moscow: Ad Marginem Press publ., 2014. 328 p.]
Terner V. Simvol i ritual. [Symbol and ritual]. Transl. from Eng.; Select. And Pref. by V.A. Beilis. Moscow: Nauka publ., 1983. 277 p. (In Russ.)
Urry J. Mobility and Proximity. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2013. No. 2. P. 3–14. (In Russ.)
Wade N. Before the Dawn: Recovering the lost history of our ancestors. [Russ. ed.: Na zare chelovechestva: Neizvestnaya istoriya nashikh predkov. Transl. from Eng. Moscow: Al’pina nonfikshn publ., 2016. 408 p.]
Fainberg L.A. Okhotniki Amerikanskogo Severa (indeitsy i eskimosy). [Hunters of the American North (Indians and Eskimos)]. Moscow: Nauka publ., 1991. 184 p. (In Russ.)
Ford M. Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future. [Russ. ed.: Roboty nastupayut: Razvitie tekhnologii i budushchee bez raboty. Transl. from Eng. by S. Chernin. Moscow: Al’pina non-fikshn publ., 2016. 430 p.]
Kharari Yu.N. “Bol’shinstvo lyudei voobshche ne osoznayut, chto proiskhodit i chto na konu”. [“Most people generally do not realize what is happening and what’s at stake”.] Accessed 30.08.2018. URL:
Harari Y.N. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind [Russ. ed.: Sapiens. Kratkaya istoriya chelovechestva. Transl. from Eng. Moscow: Sindbad publ., 2016. 520 p.]
Chernykh P.Ya. Istoriko-etimologicheskii slovar’ sovremennogo russkogo yazyka. V 2-kh t. Vol. 2. [Historical and etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language. In two vols. Vol. 2.]. Moscow: Russkii yazyk publ., 1999. 560 p. (In Russ.)
Schwab K. The Fourth Industrial Revolution [Russ. ed.: Chetvertaya promyshlennaya revolyutsiya. Transl. from Eng. Moscow: Eksmo publ., 2016. 208 p.]
Shipilov A.V. Traditsionnaya proizvodstvennaya kul’tura Rossii: sel’skoe khozyaistvo i prisvaivayushchie promysly. [Traditional Russian Production Culture: Agriculture and Appropriating Affairs]. Voronezh: VGPU publ., 2006. 311 p. (In Russ.)
Shul’man E.M. Sovremennaya molodezh’ — samoe pravil’noe iz vsekh pokolenii, kakie tol’ko mozhno sebe predstavit’. [Modern youth is the most correct of all the generations that one can imagine.] Accessed 30.08.2018. URL:
Eneolit SSSR. [Eneolith USSR.] Ed. by B.A. Rybakov. Moscow: Nauka publ., 1982. 359 p. (In Russ.)
Epokha bronzy lesnoi polosy SSSR. [The Bronze Age of the Forest Band of the USSR]. Ed. by B.A. Rybakov. Moscow: Nauka publ., 1987. 471 p. (In Russ.)
Harari Y.N. The meaning of life in a world without work. Accessed 30.08.2018. URL:
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Shipilov, A.V. 2019. Life without Labor? It’s Natural. Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal = Sociological Journal. 25, 2 (Jun. 2019), 153-170. DOI:https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2019.25.2.6391.
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